I would like to say first that I have not checked any of these, I am going by what I use and any corrections and additions are welcome.
I'll start with easy with some symbols to save my poor brain. Prefered names are first and possible alternatives come after.
() parenthesies, brackets
[] brackets, square brackets
{} braces, curley brackets
<> cheverons, inequality signs
. dot
# hash, sharp
~ tilde
& ampersand
^ caret, hat
* asterisk, multiplication
` backtick
' single quote
" double quote
| vertical bar, pipe
- subtraction, hyphen
+ addition
! exclamation point, bang
\ backslash, bash
/ forward slash, whack, division
#! shebang (contraction of sharp and bang)
Now for some coding terms
variable - In short this is a "space" where a value is kept. A name is used to keep track of this space.
[variable] type - Many languages require that a variable holds a certain type of data. The range of types available depend on the language.
array - A named variable that holds a number of other variables of a specific type.
function - A block of code that can be called from somewhere else in the code.
loop - A code block that repeats until a condition is false.